Infinite Scroll

Has Tech Robbed Us of Our Sensory Lives?

科技是否剥夺了我们的感官生活?
Ian Bogost’s new book, “The Small Stuff,” argues that reclaiming the tiny, mundane pleasures of the physical world can help us offset the encroachment of screens.
伊恩·博格斯特(Ian Bogost)在新书《小事》(The Small Stuff)中提出,重新找回物质世界中那些微小而平凡的乐趣,有助于我们抵御屏幕的步步侵蚀。
Illustration of a finger touching a screen
Illustration by Ariel Davis

There’s a genre of TikTok video that you might call analogcore. Not quite the calming, whispered monologues of A.S.M.R., this content instead soothes by showing off intricate physical handiwork. I have come across creators who repair traditional British thatched roofs, carve bowls out of tree trunks, or tile luxurious bathroom showers. For the viewer, the satisfaction comes through vicarious tactile sensation—witnessing how the thatch gets smacked in by a flat, hammerlike device, or the way a tile slots perfectly into a shelf niche. The way we consume such content, by swiping idly on a glass screen, stands in stark contrast with the content of the content, the skillful manipulation of resolutely tangible material. It’s ironic, and a bit dystopian, this disjuncture, but I’m entranced by the videos anyway. Ian Bogost, a professor, author, and columnist at The Atlantic, would say that, by watching these crafts, I’m looking for “gratification,” or “the lost joy of everyday interactions,” the subject of his new book, “The Small Stuff.”

TikTok上有一类视频,或许可以称之为“模拟核”(analogcore)。它不像自发性知觉经络反应(A.S.M.R.)那样,是令人平静的低语独白,而是通过展示精巧的实体手工活来抚慰人心。我刷到过一些创作者,他们修复英国传统的茅草屋顶,用树干雕刻碗具,或为豪华浴室铺贴瓷砖。观看者的满足感来自间接的触觉体验——看着茅草被一个扁平的锤状工具拍打到位,或一块瓷砖严丝合缝地嵌入壁龛。我们消费这类内容的方式——在一块玻璃屏幕上漫不经心地滑动手指——与内容本身,即对实实在在的物质材料进行娴熟操控,形成了鲜明对比。这种脱节颇具讽刺意味,甚至有点反乌托邦,但我还是被这些视频迷住了。身为教授、作家兼《大西洋月刊》专栏作者的伊恩·博格斯特会说,我观看这些手艺活,是在寻找“满足感”,或者说“日常互动中失落的乐趣”,而这正是他新书《小事》的主题。

Bogost argues that phones, apps, and other forms of digital mediation have removed us from the world of sensory delights that surrounds us, whether it’s the chunky mechanism of a car’s shift knob (which has been replaced by a Tesla-style touch screen) or the wet, sticky smoosh of masonry paint (which we might hire a TaskRabbit worker to apply to our walls instead of doing it ourselves). The author recommends the aforementioned masonry paint to a friend, and lavishes poetic description on it in order to pinpoint the gratification it offers: “The sonic delight of that squelchy sound, the tactile charm of feeling the brush produce it, the visual appeal of watching the red-brown bricks turn to snowy white.” Bogost’s joy is infectious. As I was reading his slim, efficient book, I was newly attuned to the sensory experiences in my own life, from the flicky, card-like thinness of tickets to a baseball game to the productive clatter of my refrigerator’s ice machine. The thrust of “The Small Stuff” is that, by focussing on these tiny, mundane pleasures, we can resist the encroachment of what Bogost calls “dematerialization”—the shallowness of automated interaction.

博格斯特认为,手机、应用程序和其他形式的数字中介,已将我们与周遭的感官愉悦世界隔绝开来,无论是汽车换挡杆那种厚实的机械感(已被特斯拉式的触摸屏取代),还是砖石涂料那种湿漉漉、黏糊糊的涂抹感(我们可能会雇一个TaskRabbit工人来刷墙,而不是自己动手)。作者向一位朋友推荐了上述砖石涂料,并对其大加诗意描绘,以精准捕捉它所提供的满足感:“那种嘎吱作响的声音带来的听觉愉悦,感受刷子制造出这种声音的触觉魅力,看着红棕色砖墙变成雪白一片的视觉吸引力。”博格斯特的喜悦极具感染力。读着他这本薄而精炼的书,我对自己生活中的感官体验有了新的觉察,从棒球比赛门票那种可弹动的卡片般薄度,到冰箱制冰机那富有成效的咔嗒声。《小事》的核心在于,通过专注于这些微小而平凡的乐趣,我们可以抵抗博格斯特所说的“去物质化”——即自动化交互的浅薄性——的侵蚀。

Bogost’s book taps into a familiar strain of digital exhaustion. Nearly two decades after the release of the first iPhone, always-online technology has become a scourge. It sucks, in a way, that this one device has taken over activities as varied as entering the subway, paying for things, navigating streets, and chatting with our loved ones. The phone’s frictionless services are phenomenally convenient and yet lacking in texture; they flatten experience because they all take place through the same smooth, rectangular portal. Embossed business cards, account ledgers, bins of bolts at the hardware store—all are pleasurable physical artifacts that have been more or less outmoded by technology. Bogost is adept at pinpointing the losses that come with the digital ease of Amazon, Uber Eats, and Netflix: “Home has become a prison of convenience that we need special help to escape.”

博格斯特的书触及了一种人们熟悉的数字疲惫感。在第一代iPhone问世近二十年后,永远在线的科技已成一种祸害。从某种程度上说,挺糟糕的,这一个设备就接管了诸如进地铁、付款、导航街道、与亲友聊天等五花八门的活动。手机提供的无摩擦服务极其便利,却缺乏质感;它们使体验变得扁平,因为所有活动都经由同一个光滑的矩形入口进行。压花名片、账本、五金店里一箱箱的螺栓——所有这些令人愉悦的实体物品,或多或少都已被科技淘汰。博格斯特擅长精准指出亚马逊、Uber Eats和奈飞带来的数字便利背后所失去的东西:“家已变成一座便利的牢笼,我们需要特别的帮助才能逃离。”

It’s easy to sympathize with Bogost’s affection for, say, rotary telephone dials, which were far more sensorily satisfying than our current touch-screen buttons. As a columnist, however, Bogost has often taken on the role of counterintuitive curmudgeon, arguing against whatever the dominant opinions of tech are; hence, his critiques in “The Small Stuff” sometimes ring hollow. In a memorable 2023 piece for The Atlantic, for instance, Bogost argued that the era before the internet and smartphones was its own kind of nightmare: “We did nothing, and it was horrible. Filling the nothingness with activity of any sort became a constant exercise.” He concluded: “So let us not lament or malign the time we waste on smartphones, at least not so much.” A reader of “The Small Stuff” might feel herself taking a similarly defensive position toward our modern gadgets: not all analog objects were a sensory thrill (remember groping for a lost MetroCard?), after all, and not every digital experience is devoid of it. A businessman in the nineteen-eighties would have lacked, say, the total immersion of binging a prestige-television miniseries on a handheld screen with noise-cancelling headphones, while waiting for a delayed flight—a true sensory pleasure of the twenty-first century.

人们很容易对博格斯特的偏爱产生共鸣,比如他对旋转式电话拨号盘的喜爱,那比我们现在的触摸屏按钮在感官上要令人满足得多。然而,作为专栏作家,博格斯特常常扮演反直觉的怪脾气角色,与科技界的主流观点唱反调;因此,他在《小事》中的一些批评有时听起来空洞无力。例如,在2023年《大西洋月刊》一篇令人难忘的文章中,博格斯特认为,互联网和智能手机出现之前的时代自有其噩梦:“我们无所事事,那感觉糟透了。用任何形式的活动来填满这种空虚,成了一种持续不断的练习。”他总结道:“所以,我们不要为浪费在智能手机上的时间而哀叹或诋毁,至少别那么过分。”《小事》的读者可能会发现自己对我们现代的电子玩意儿也持类似的辩护立场:毕竟,并非所有模拟物件都是感官享受(还记得在包里乱摸丢失的地铁卡吗?),也并非所有数字体验都缺乏感官刺激。比如说,一个上世纪八十年代的商人,就无法体验到在航班延误等待时,戴着降噪耳机,用手持屏幕狂看一部精品电视迷你剧的那种全然沉浸感——这可是二十一世纪真正的感官享受。

Bemoaning the losses caused by new technology is a very old literary endeavor. My favorite example might be a 1933 essay by the Japanese novelist Junichiro Tanizaki, “In Praise of Shadows,” a lament for sensations that vanished as electric lighting and other “necessities of modern life” came to Japan from the West, including the glittering of a Buddha in a dark temple and the “silent music” of candlelight reflecting on lacquerware in a traditional restaurant. “Never has there been an age that people have been satisfied with. But in recent years the pace of progress has been so precipitous that conditions in our own country go somewhat beyond the ordinary,” Tanizaki wrote, in a line that could easily apply to our current moment. Tanizaki’s critique was, in part, a call for cultural preservation; aesthetic values with long histories risked falling by the wayside during a period of militarized globalization. The experiences that Bogost memorializes are more prosaic: fountain Diet Coke in a big plastic cup, slurped at one of the family-style fast-food restaurants of a bygone era. Much of “The Small Stuff” boils down to the idea that we should pay more attention to ordinary objects and encounters with the physical world, even as digital technology encourages us to ignore or avoid them. Bogost intentionally does not posit a larger purpose beyond cultivating “a more gratifying life,” as the book’s subtitle puts it. In that sense, it’s less radical than some of his previous works, such as “Alien Phenomenology,” from 2012, which helped popularize the contemporary philosophical field of object-oriented ontology, the study of nonhuman things as entities worth considering in and of themselves. While eminently practical in its prescriptions, “The Small Stuff” leaves the reader wanting bigger thinking about why sensation is so valuable, or what it leads to in the course of a human life.

哀叹新技术带来的损失,是一种非常古老的文学传统。我最喜欢的例子,或许是日本小说家谷崎润一郎1933年的随笔《阴翳礼赞》。它哀悼那些随着电灯和其他“现代生活必需品”从西方传入日本而消失的感受,包括幽暗寺庙中佛像的熠熠闪光,以及传统餐馆里烛光映照在漆器上的“无声的音乐”。谷崎写道:“从来没有一个时代是人们满意的。但近年来,进步的步伐如此迅猛,我们国内的状况已有些超出常规。”这句话完全可以用来形容我们当下的时刻。谷崎的批评,在某种程度上是对文化保护的呼吁;在一个军事化全球化的时期,具有悠久历史的审美价值面临被抛弃的风险。而博格斯特所纪念的体验则更为平凡:在昔日那种家庭式快餐店里,用大塑料杯咕嘟咕嘟喝下的喷泉式健怡可乐。《小事》的大部分内容归结为一个观点:即使数字技术鼓励我们忽视或回避普通物品以及与物质世界的接触,我们也应该对它们投以更多关注。博格斯特有意没有提出比培养“更令人满足的生活”(正如该书副标题所言)更宏大的目标。从这个意义上说,它不如他之前的一些作品那样激进,比如2012年的《异类现象学》(Alien Phenomenology),那本书推动了当代哲学领域“面向对象的本体论”(object-oriented ontology)的普及,该学说将非人之物视为本身就值得考量的实体。《小事》的建议虽然极其务实,却让读者渴望对感官为何如此宝贵,或它在人的一生中会导向何处,有更深入的思考。

Bogost lavishes praise on hobbies (fly-fishing), crafts (knitting), and trades (woodworking) as ways to dwell in sensory experience. But visual art goes almost entirely unmentioned. Perhaps it doesn’t fit with his stated subject of “ordinary pleasures,” given that art has a reputation for inaccessibility. Yet any visitor stepping foot in a museum will encounter a parade of sensation: the way paint swoops across a canvas, the perfected surface texture of a sculpture, or even the intricate sounds of an audio installation. The making of art for oneself—that is, the use of raw materials for self-expression and enjoyment, rather than for functional design or life-style optimization—also remains unexplored, though it may offer deeper gratifications than that which Bogost ascribes to rigging up a doorbell or installing a new faucet in his historic home in St. Louis. A recent vogue for community ceramics, pottery-painting, and figure-drawing classes suggests that many of us are desperate to use our hands again, for purposes beyond fixer-upper projects. ♦

博格斯特对爱好(飞蝇钓)、手工艺(编织)和手艺活(木工)大加赞赏,视其为沉浸于感官体验的途径。但视觉艺术几乎只字未提。或许这不符合他“平凡乐趣”的既定主题,因为艺术向来以难以接近著称。然而,任何踏入博物馆的参观者都会遭遇一连串的感官体验:颜料在画布上飞舞的笔触,雕塑那臻于完美的表面质感,甚至是声音装置错综复杂的音效。为自己而进行艺术创作——即使用原材料来进行自我表达和享受,而非为了功能性设计或生活方式优化——也未被探讨,尽管它可能提供比博格斯特所描述的、在他位于圣路易斯的古宅中安装门铃或新水龙头更深刻的满足感。近来社区陶艺、彩绘陶瓷和人体素描课程的流行表明,我们许多人渴望再次使用双手,目的不止于房屋修缮工程。 ♦

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